Gadolinium (Gd): electron configuration, atomic mass and facts
Gadolinium (Gd) is element 64 of the periodic table, a lanthanide in period 6 (f-block). Its electron configuration is [Xe] 4f7 5d1 6s2, with electrons arranged in shells 2, 8, 18, 25, 9, 2, and its standard atomic weight is 157.25 u.
▶ Watch Gadolinium’s electrons orbit in the interactive periodic tableGadolinium at a glance
| Symbol | Gd |
|---|---|
| Atomic number | 64 |
| Atomic mass | 157.25 u |
| Category | Lanthanide |
| Group | f-block (no group number) |
| Period | 6 |
| Block | f-block |
| Electron configuration | 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s2 4p6 4d10 4f7 5s2 5p6 5d1 6s2 |
| Noble-gas shorthand | [Xe] 4f7 5d1 6s2 |
| Electrons per shell | 2, 8, 18, 25, 9, 2 |
| Electronegativity (Pauling) | 1.2 |
| State at 20 °C | solid |
Where is Gadolinium on the periodic table?
Gadolinium is in period 6 of the f-block, the lanthanide row printed below the main table. It has 6 electron shells, and this row is where the 4f subshell fills (its own configuration is an exception, explained below).
How to work out the electron configuration of Gadolinium
Put 64 electrons into subshells in order of rising energy, filling each before starting the next: 1s² (2), 2s² (4), 2p⁶ (10), 3s² (12), 3p⁶ (18), 4s² (20), 3d¹⁰ (30), 4p⁶ (36), 5s² (38), 4d¹⁰ (48), 5p⁶ (54), 6s² (56), 4f⁸ (64). Gadolinium is one of the exceptions to this filling order: experiments show its ground state is 1s² 2s² 2p⁶ 3s² 3p⁶ 4s² 3d¹⁰ 4p⁶ 5s² 4d¹⁰ 5p⁶ 6s² 4f⁷ 5d¹ rather than 1s² 2s² 2p⁶ 3s² 3p⁶ 4s² 3d¹⁰ 4p⁶ 5s² 4d¹⁰ 5p⁶ 6s² 4f⁸, because the neighbouring subshells are so close in energy. In shorthand, [Xe] stands for the 54 electrons of xenon, giving [Xe] 4f⁷ 5d¹ 6s².
How electronegative is Gadolinium?
Gadolinium has a Pauling electronegativity of 1.2, ranking 79 of the 100 elements with a known value (fluorine is highest at 3.98). That is low: it tends to give up electrons and form positive ions.
Frequently asked questions
What is the electron configuration of Gadolinium?
The electron configuration of Gadolinium (Gd) is 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s2 4p6 4d10 4f7 5s2 5p6 5d1 6s2. In noble-gas shorthand it is written [Xe] 4f7 5d1 6s2.
How many electrons does Gadolinium have in each shell?
Gadolinium has 64 electrons arranged in shells as 2, 8, 18, 25, 9, 2.
What is the atomic mass of Gadolinium?
The standard atomic weight of Gadolinium is 157.25 u, so one mole of Gadolinium atoms has a mass of about 157.25 g.
Is Gadolinium a metal?
Yes. Gadolinium is a lanthanide.
Explore nearby elements
More lanthanides: Promethium, Samarium, Europium, Terbium, Dysprosium, Holmium. See all elements on the periodic table.